diff --git a/thesis/3_SimplicialAbelianGroups.tex b/thesis/3_SimplicialAbelianGroups.tex index e5a7514..09e8b8e 100644 --- a/thesis/3_SimplicialAbelianGroups.tex +++ b/thesis/3_SimplicialAbelianGroups.tex @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Before defining \emph{simplicial abelian groups}, we will first discuss the more We define a category $\DELTA$, where the objects are the finite ordinals $[n] = \{0 < \dots < n\}$ for $n \in \N$ and maps are monotone functions: $\Hom{\DELTA}{[n]}{[m]} = \{ f : [n] \to [m] \I f(i) \leq f(j) \text{ for all } i < j \}$. \end{definition} -There are two special kinds of maps in $\DELTA$, the so called \emph{face} maps and \emph{degeneracy} maps. The \emph{$i$-th face maps} $\delta_i: [n-1] \to [n]$ is the unique injective monotone function which \emph{omits} $i$. More precisely, it is defined for all $n \in \Np$ as (note that we do not explicitly denote $n$ in this notation) +The category $\DELTA$ is sometimes referred to as the \emph{category of finite ordinals} or the \emph{cosimplicial index category}. There are two special kinds of maps in $\DELTA$, the so called \emph{face} maps and \emph{degeneracy} maps. The \emph{$i$-th face maps} $\delta_i: [n-1] \to [n]$ is the unique injective monotone function which \emph{omits} $i$. More precisely, it is defined for all $n \in \Np$ as (note that we do not explicitly denote $n$ in this notation) $$ \delta_i: [n-1] \to [n], k \mapsto \begin{cases} k & \text{if } k < i,\\ k+1 & \text{if } k \geq i, \end{cases} \hspace{1.0cm} 0 \leq i \leq n. $$ The \emph{$i$-th degeneracy map} $\sigma_i: [n+1] \to [n]$ is the unique surjective monotone function which \emph{hits $i$ twice}. More precisely it is defined for all $n \in \N$ as @@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ Note that because of the third equation, the degeneracy maps $s_i$ are injective \begin{proof} We will proof the existence by induction over $n$. For $n=0$ the statement is trivial, since all elements in $X_0$ are non-degenerate. Assume the statement is proven for $n$. Let $x \in X_{n+1}$. Clearly if $x$ itself is non-degenerate, we can write $x = \id^\ast x$. Otherwise it is of the form $x = s_i x'$ for some $x' \in X_n$ and $i$. The induction hypothesis tells us that we can write $x' = \beta^\ast y$ for some surjection $\beta: [n] \epi [m]$ and $y \in X_m$ non-degenerate. So $x = s_i \beta^\ast y = (\beta \sigma_i)^\ast y$. - For uniqueness, assume $x = \beta^\ast y = \gamma^\ast z$ with $\beta: [n] \epi [m]$, $\gamma: [n] \epi [m']$ and $y \in X_m, z \in X_{m'}$ non-degenerate. Because $\beta$ is surjective there is an $\alpha:[m]\to[n]$ such that $\beta\alpha = \id$ and hence $y = \alpha^\ast \gamma^\ast z = (\gamma\alpha)^\ast z$. By the epi-mon factorization (Lemma~\ref{le:epimono}) we can write $\gamma\alpha = \delta_{i_a} \cdots \delta_{i_1} \sigma_{j_b} \cdots \sigma_{j_1}$, using that $y$ is non-degenerate we know that $\gamma\alpha$ is injective. So we have $\gamma\alpha: [m] \mono [m']$. Because of symmetry (of $y$ and $z$) we also have some map $[m'] \mono[m]$, so $m = m'$. So $\gamma\alpha$ is also surjective, hence the identity function, thus $y = z$. + For uniqueness, assume $x = \beta^\ast y = \gamma^\ast z$ with $\beta: [n] \epi [m]$, $\gamma: [n] \epi [m']$ and $y \in X_m, z \in X_{m'}$ non-degenerate. Because $\beta$ is surjective there is an $\alpha:[m]\to[n]$ such that $\beta\alpha = \id$ and hence $y = \alpha^\ast \gamma^\ast z = (\gamma\alpha)^\ast z$. By the epi-mon factorization (Lemma~\ref{le:epimono}) we can write $\gamma\alpha = \delta_{i_a} \cdots \delta_{i_1} \sigma_{j_b} \cdots \sigma_{j_1}$, using that $y$ is non-degenerate we know that $\gamma\alpha$ is injective. So we have $\gamma\alpha: [m] \mono [m']$. Because of symmetry (of $y$ and $z$) we also have some map $[m'] \mono[m]$, so $m = m'$. So $\gamma\alpha$ is also surjective, hence the identity function, thus $y = z$, meaning that the non-degenerate $m$-simplex is unique. Now assume $x = \beta^\ast y = \gamma^\ast y$ with $\gamma, \beta: [n] \epi [m]$ such that $\beta \neq \gamma$, and $y \in X_m$ non-degenerate. Then we can find an $\alpha:[m]\to[n]$ such that $\beta\alpha = \id$ and $\gamma\alpha \neq \id$. With the epi-mono factorization write $\gamma\alpha = \delta_{i_a} \cdots \delta_{i_1} \sigma_{j_b} \cdots \sigma_{j_1}$, then by functoriality of $X$ $$ y = \alpha^\ast \beta^\ast y = \alpha^\ast \gamma^\ast y = s_{j_1} \cdots s_{j_b} d_{i_1} \cdots d_{i_a} y. $$ - Note that $y$ was non-degenerate, so $s_{j_1} \cdots s_{j_b} = \id$, hence $d_{i_1} \cdots d_{i_a} = \id$. So $\gamma\alpha = \id$, which gives a contradiction. So $\beta$ is unique. + Note that $y$ was non-degenerate, so $s_{j_1} \cdots s_{j_b} = \id$, hence $d_{i_1} \cdots d_{i_a} = \id$. So $\gamma\alpha = \id$, which gives a contradiction. So $\beta = \gamma$, meaning that the surjection $\beta$ is also unique. \end{proof} \subsection{The standard $n$-simplex} diff --git a/thesis/4_Constructions.tex b/thesis/4_Constructions.tex index de52f3b..a139903 100644 --- a/thesis/4_Constructions.tex +++ b/thesis/4_Constructions.tex @@ -186,22 +186,53 @@ Using Corollary~\ref{cor:decomp} we can prove a nice categorical fact about $N$, If we reflect a bit on why the functor $M$ was not a candidate for an equivalence, we see that $N$ does a better job. We see that $N$ leaves out all degenerate simplices, so it is more carefully chosen than $M$, which included everything. In fact, Corollary~\ref{cor:NandD} exactly tells us $M(X)_n = N(X)_n \oplus D_n(X)$. + \subsection{From $\Ch{\Ab}$ to $\sAb$} -For the other way around we actually get a functor for free, via abstract nonsense. Let $F: \sAb \to A$ be any functor, where $A$ is an abelian category. We are after a functor $G: A \to \sAb$, this means that if we are given $C \in A$, we are looking for a functor $G(C): \DELTA^{op} \to \Ab$. Fixing $C$ in the second argument of the $\mathbf{Hom}$-functor gives: $\Hom{A}{-}{C}: A^{op} \to \Ab$, because $A$ is an abelian category. We see that the codomain of this functor already looks good, now if we have some functor from $\DELTA^{op}$ to $A^{op}$, we can precompose, to obtain a functor from $\DELTA^{op}$ to $\Ab$. +\begin{definition} + For a chain complex $C$ define the abelian groups + $$ K(C)_n = \bigoplus_{\beta} C_p^\beta, $$ + where $\beta$ ranges over all surjections $\beta: [n] \epi [p]$ and $C_p^\beta = C_p$ ($\beta$ only acts as a decoration). +\end{definition} +For a chain complex $C$ we will turn the groups $K(C)_n$ into a simplicial abelian group by defining $K$ on functions. Let $\alpha: [m] \to [n]$ be a function in $\DELTA$, we will define $K(\alpha): K(C)_n \to K(C)_m$ by defining it on each summand $C_p^\beta$. Fix a summand $C_p^\beta$, by using the epi-mono factorization we know $\beta\alpha = \delta\sigma$ for some injection $\delta$ and some surjection $\sigma$. In the case $\delta = \id$, we make the following identification +$$ C_p^\beta \tot{=} C_p^\sigma \subset K(C)_m. $$ +In the case $\delta = \delta_0$ we use the boundary operator as follows: +$$ C_p^\beta \tot{\del} C_{p-1} \tot{=} C_{p-1}^\sigma \subseteq K(C)_m. $$ +In all the other cases we define the map $C_p^\beta \to K(C)_m$ to be the zero map. We now have defined a map on each of the summands which gives a map $K(\alpha): K(C)_n \to K(C)_m$. +\todo{DK: functoriality of $K(C)$, functoriality of $K$} -Now recall that we have a family of simplicial sets $\Delta[n]$, which are given by the functor $\Delta: \DELTA \to \sSet$. We can apply the free abelian group pointwise, which gives a functor $\Z^{\ast} : \sSet \to \sAb$. And finally we have our functor $F: \sAb \to A$. Composing these gives: -$$ F \Z^{\ast} \Delta: \DELTA \to A. $$ -We can formally regard this functor as a functor from $\DELTA^{op}$ to $A^{op}$. Now combining this with the $\mathbf{Hom}$-functor gives: -$$ \Hom{A}{F \Z^{\ast} \Delta (-)}{C}: \DELTA^{op} \to \Ab. $$ -Now this is a functor, because it is a composition of functors. Furthermore it is also functorial in the second argument, giving a functor -$$ \Hom{A}{F \Z^{\ast} \Delta (-)}{-}: A \to \sAb $$ -where we are supposed to fill in the second argument first, leaving us with a simplicial abelian group. +\todo{DK: work out the following in more detail (especially the naturalities)} +\begin{theorem} + $N$ and $K$ form an equivalence. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + Let $X$ be a simplicial abelian group. Consider $X_n$, by the additive Yoneda lemma this is naturally isomorphic to $\Z^\ast[\Delta[n]] \to X$, which is by the fully faithfulness and additivity of $N$ naturally isomorphic to $N\Z^\ast[\Delta[n]] \to NX$. The latter is exactly the definition of $KNX$. So, by naturality in $n$, we have established $X \iso KNX$. Hence, by naturality in $X$, we have $\id \iso KN$. -Now we know that $\Ch{\Ab}$ is an abelian group and we have actually two functors $M, N : \sAb \to \Ch{\Ab}$, so we now have functors from $\Ch{\Ab} \to \sAb$. Of course we will be interested in the one using $N$. So we define the functor: -$$ K(C) = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z^\ast\Delta[-]}{C} \in \sAb. $$ -This definition is very abstract, but luckily we can also give a more explicit definition. By writing it out for low dimensions we see: + By the previous proposition we have $K(C)_n \iso \bigoplus_{[n] \epi [p]} C_p$. For the summands $C_p$ with $p < n$, we clearly see that $C_p \subset D_n(K(C))$, so $N$ gets rid of these. Then the only summand left is $C_n$ (with the surjection $\id : [n] \epi [n]$). So we see $NKC_n \iso C_n$, furthermore the boundary map is preserved. Hence $NKC \iso C$. And this was natural in $C$, so we get $NK \iso \id$. -$$ K(C)_0 = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z^\ast\Delta[0]}{C} = \Bigg\{ + We now have established two natural isomorphisms $\id_\sAb \iso KN$ and $NK \iso \id_\Ch{\Ab}$. Hence we have an equivalence $\Ch{\Ab} \simeq \sAb$. +\end{proof} + +One might not be content with the explicit description of the functor $K$. There is a more abstract way of constructing a functor $\Ch{\Ab} \to \sAb$ from a functor $\sAb \to \Ch{\Ab}$. We will briefly discuss this and show how the functor $K$ would be derived from $N$ by this abstract construction, with two examples it will be illustrated why the two descriptions are the same. + +Let $A$ be an additive category and $F: \sAb \to A$ an additive functor. We want to construct a functor $G: A \to \sAb$ which is right adjoint to $F$. For each $a \in A$ we have to specify $G(a): \DELTA^{op} \to \Ab$. Assume we already specified this, such that $G$ is the right adjoint, then by the additive Yoneda lemma we know +\begin{align*} + G(a)_n &\iso \Hom{\sAb}{\Z[\Delta[n]]}{G(a)} \\ + &\iso \Hom{A}{F\Z[\Delta[n]]}{a}. +\end{align*} +This in fact can be used as the definition of $G$: +$$ G(a)_n = \Hom{A}{F\Z[\Delta[n]]}{a}. $$ +To check that indeed $G(a) \in \sAb$ we only have to remind ourselves that we only composed two functors, namely +\begin{gather*} + \DELTA \tot{\Delta[-]} \sSet \tot{\Z} \sAb \tot{F} A \quad\text{and} \\ + \Hom{A}{-}{a}: A^{op} \to \Ab +\end{gather*} +giving us $\Hom{A}{F\Z[\Delta[-]]}{a}: \DELTA^{op} \to \Ab$. Similarly $G$ itself is a functor, because it is defined using the $\mathbf{Hom}$-functor. + +Many functors to $\sAb$ can be shown to have this description.\footnote{And also many functors to $\sSet$ are of this form if we leave out all additivity requirements.} In our case we could have defined our functor $K$ as +$$ K'(C) = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z[\Delta[-]]}{C}. $$ +We will not show that this functor $K'$ is isomorphic to our functor $K$ defined earlier, however we will indicate that it makes sense by writing out explicit calculations for $K'(C)_0$ and $K'(C)_1$. + +$$ K'(C)_0 = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z^\ast\Delta[0]}{C} = \Bigg\{ \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=-0.5ex] \matrix (m) [matrix of math nodes, row sep=1em, column sep=1em] { \cdots & 0 & 0 & \Z \\ @@ -213,7 +244,7 @@ $$ K(C)_0 = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z^\ast\Delta[0]}{C} = \Bigg\{ \foreach \i/\j in {2/2, 3/1, 4/0} \draw[->] (m-1-\i) -- node {$f_\j$} (m-2-\i); \end{tikzpicture} -\Bigg\} \iso C_0, $$ +\Bigg\} \iso C_0 = K(C)_0, $$ because for $f_1, f_2, \ldots$ there is now choice at all, and for $f_0: \Z \to C_0$ we only have to choose an image for $1 \in \Z$. In the next dimension we see: $$ K(C)_1 = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z^\ast\Delta[1]}{C} = \Bigg\{ @@ -228,25 +259,7 @@ $$ K(C)_1 = \Hom{\Ch{\Ab}}{N\Z^\ast\Delta[1]}{C} = \Bigg\{ \foreach \i/\j in {2/2, 3/1, 4/0} \draw[->] (m-1-\i) -- node {$f_\j$} (m-2-\i); \end{tikzpicture} -\Bigg\} \iso C_1 \oplus C_0, $$ +\Bigg\} \iso C_1 \oplus C_0 = K(C)_1, $$ -because again we can choose $f_1$ anyway we want, which gives us $C_1$. But then we are forced to choose $f_0(x, x) = \del(f_1(x))$ for all $x \in \Z$, so we are left with choosing an element $c \in C_0$ for defining $f(1,-1) = c$. Adding this gives $C_1 \oplus C_0$. This pattern can be continued and gives the following result: +because again we can choose $f_1$ anyway we want, which gives us $C_1$. But then we are forced to choose $f_0(x, x) = \del(f_1(x))$ for all $x \in \Z$, so we are left with choosing an element $c \in C_0$ for defining $f(1,-1) = c$. Adding this gives $C_1 \oplus C_0$. -\begin{proposition} - For any chain complex $C$ we have $K(C)_n \iso \bigoplus_{[n] \epi [p]} C_p$. -\end{proposition} -\begin{proof} - \todo{DK: proposition about $K$} -\end{proof} - -\todo{DK: work out the following in more detail (especially the naturalities)} -\begin{theorem} - $N$ and $K$ form an equivalence. -\end{theorem} -\begin{proof} - Let $X$ be a simplicial abelian group. Consider $X_n$, by the abelian Yoneda lemma this is naturally isomorphic to $\Z^\ast[\Delta[n]] \to X$, which is by the fully faithfulness and additivity of $N$ naturally isomorphic to $N\Z^\ast[\Delta[n]] \to NX$. The latter is exactly the definition of $KNX$. So, by naturality in $n$, we have established $X \iso KNX$. Hence, by naturality in $X$, we have $\id \iso KN$. - - By the previous proposition we have $K(C)_n \iso \bigoplus_{[n] \epi [p]} C_p$. For the summands $C_p$ with $p < n$, we clearly see that $C_p \subset D_n(K(C))$, so $N$ gets rid of these. Then the only summand left is $C_n$ (with the surjection $\id : [n] \epi [n]$). So we see $NKC_n \iso C_n$, furthermore the boundary map is preserved. Hence $NKC \iso C$. And this was natural in $C$, so we get $NK \iso \id$. - - We now have established two natural isomorphisms $\id_\sAb \iso KN$ and $NK \iso \id_\Ch{\Ab}$. Hence we have an equivalence $\Ch{\Ab} \simeq \sAb$. -\end{proof}