diff --git a/thesis/chapters/Applications_And_Further_Topics.tex b/thesis/chapters/Applications_And_Further_Topics.tex index e596afa..45f6279 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/Applications_And_Further_Topics.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/Applications_And_Further_Topics.tex @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ The generators $e$ and $f$ in the last proof are related by the so called \Def{W $$ \pi_\ast(S^n) \tensor \Q = \text{the free whitehead algebra on 1 generator}. $$ } -Together with the fact that all groups $\pi_i(S^n)$ are finitely generated (this was proven by Serre \cite{serre}) we can conclude that $\pi_i(S^n)$ is a finite group unless $i=n$ or $i=2n-1$ when $n$ is even. The fact that $\pi_i(S^n)$ are finitely generated can be proven by the Serre-Hurewicz theorems (\TheoremRef{serre-hurewicz}) when taking the Serre class of finitely generated abelian groups. +Together with the fact that all groups $\pi_i(S^n)$ are finitely generated (this was proven by Serre \cite{serre}) we can conclude that $\pi_i(S^n)$ is a finite group unless $i=n$ or $i=2n-1$ when $n$ is even. The fact that $\pi_i(S^n)$ are finitely generated can be proven by the Serre-Hurewicz theorems (\TheoremRef{serre-hurewicz}) when taking the Serre class of finitely generated abelian groups (but this requires a weaker notion of a Serre class, and stronger theorems, than the one given in this thesis). \section{Eilenberg-MacLane spaces} diff --git a/thesis/notes/Serre.tex b/thesis/notes/Serre.tex index 30ec0af..68306a1 100644 --- a/thesis/notes/Serre.tex +++ b/thesis/notes/Serre.tex @@ -19,10 +19,19 @@ Serre gave weaker axioms for his classes and proves some of the following lemmas \begin{itemize} \item The class $\C = \{ 0 \}$. With this class the following Hurewicz and Whitehead theorem will simply be the classical statements. \item The class $\C$ of all torsion groups. Using this class we can prove the rational version of the Hurewicz and Whitehead theorems. - \item Let $P$ be a set of primes, then define a class $\C$ of torsion groups for which all $p$-subgroups are trivial for all $p \in P$. This can be used to \emph{localize} at $P$. + \item The class $\C$ of all uniquely divisible groups. Note that these groups can be given a unique $\Q$-vector space structure (and conversely every $\Q$-vector space is uniquely divisible). \end{itemize} } +The most important properties we need of a Serre class are the following: +\Lemma{Serre-properties}{ + Let $\C \subset \Ab$ be a Serre class. Then we have: + \begin{enumerate} + \item If $A \in \C$, then $A \tensor B \in \C$ for all $B$. + \item If $A \in \C$, then $H(A) \in \C$ ($H(A)$ is the group homology of $A$). + \end{enumerate} +} + \Definition{serre-class-maps}{ Let $\C$ be a Serre class and let $f: A \to B$ be a map of abelian groups. Then $f$ is a $\C$-isomorphism if both the kernel and cokernel lie in $\C$. } @@ -76,9 +85,10 @@ In the following arguments we will consider fibrations and need to compute homol &\iso (H_\ast(B^{k+1}, B^k) \tensor H_\ast(F)) \\ &= \bigoplus_{j+l=i+1} H_j(B^{k+1}, B^k) \tensor H_l(F) \end{align*} - Note that this is the graded tensor product, and that the term $H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k) \tensor H_0(F) = H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k)$ and that this identification is compatible with the induced map $p_\ast : H_{i+1}(E^{k+1}, E^k) \to H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k)$ (hence the map is surjective). To prove that the map is a $\C$-iso, we need to prove that the kernel is in $\C$. The kernel is the sum of the following terms, with $l \geq 1$: + Note that this is the graded tensor product, and that the term $H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k) \tensor H_0(F) = H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k)$ and that this identification is compatible with the induced map $p_\ast : H_{i+1}(E^{k+1}, E^k) \to H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k)$ (hence the map is surjective). To prove that the map is a $\C$-iso, we need to prove that the kernel is in $\C$. The kernel is the sum of the following terms, with $1 \leq l \leq i+1$: $$ H_{i+1-l}(B^{k+1}, B^k) \tensor H_l(F). $$ - Now we can use the assumption that $H_l(F) \in \C$ for $l \geq 1$. + Now we can use the assumption that $H_l(F) \in \C$ for $1 \leq l < n$ and that for $B \in \C$ we have $A \tensor B \in \C$ for all $A$ (by \LemmaRef{Serre-properties}). This concludes that the kernel $H_{i+1-l}(B^{k+1}, B^k) \tensor H_l(F)$ is indeed in $\C$. And hence the induced map is a $\C$-iso for all + $$ p_\ast : H_{i+1}(E^{k+1}, E^k) \to H_{i+1}(B^{k+1}, B^k) $$ This finished the induction on $k$. }