msc-thesis/thesis/notes/Minimal_Models.tex

\chapter{Minimal models}
\label{sec:minimal-models}

In this section we will discuss the so called minimal models. These are cdga's with the property that a quasi isomorphism between them is an actual isomorphism.

\begin{definition}
	An cdga $(A, d)$ is a \emph{Sullivan algebra} if
	\begin{itemize}
		\item $(A, d)$ is quasi-free (or semi-free), i.e. $A = \Lambda V$ is free as a cdga, and
		\item $V$ has a filtration $V(0) \subset V(1) \subset \cdots \subset \bigcup_{k \in \N} V(k) = V$ such that $d(V(k)) \subset \Lambda V(k-1)$.
	\end{itemize}

	An cdga $(A, d)$ is a \emph{minimal (Sullivan) algebra} if in addition
	\begin{itemize}
		\item $d$ is decomposable, i.e. $\im(d) \subset \Lambda^{\geq 2}V$.
	\end{itemize}
\end{definition}

\begin{definition}
	Let $(A, d)$ be any cdga. A \emph{(minimal) Sullivan model} is a (minimal) Sullivan algebra $(M, d)$ with a weak equivalence:
	$$ (M, d) \we (A, d). $$
\end{definition}

The requirement that there exists a filtration can be replaced by a stronger statement.

\begin{lemma}
	Let $(A, d)$ be a cdga which is $1$-reduced, quasi-free and with a decomposable differential. Then $(A, d)$ is a minimal algebra.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	Let $V$ generate $A$. Take $V(n) = \bigoplus_{k=0}^n V^k$ (note that $V^0 = V^1 = 0$). Since $d$ is decomposable we see that for $v \in V^n$: $d(v) = x \cdot y$ for some $x, y \in A$. Assuming $dv$ to be non-zero we can compute the degrees:
	$$ \deg{x} + \deg{y} = \deg{xy} = \deg{dv} = \deg{v} + 1 = n + 1. $$
	As $A$ is $1$-reduced we have $\deg{x}, \deg{y} \geq 2$ and so by the above $\deg{x}, \deg{y} \leq n-1$. Conclude that $d(V(k)) \subset \Lambda(V(n-1))$.
\end{proof}


\section{Existence}

\begin{theorem}
	Let $(A, d)$ be an $1$-connected cdga, then it has a minimal model.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
	We will construct a sequence of models $m_k: (M(k), d) \to (A, d)$ inductively.
	\begin{itemize}
		\item First define $V(0) = V(1) = 0$ and $m_0 = m_1 = 0$. Then set $V(2) = H^2(A)$ and define a map $m_2: V(2) \to A$ by picking representatives.
		\item Suppose $m_k: (\Lambda V(k), d) \to (A, d)$ is constructed. Choose cocycles $a_\alpha \in A^{k+1}$ and $z_\beta \in (\Lambda V(k))^{k+2}$ such that $H^{k+1}(A) = \im(H^{k+1}(m_k)) \oplus \bigoplus_\alpha \k \cdot [a_\alpha]$ (so $m_k$ together with $a_\alpha$ span $H^{k+1}(A)$) and $\ker(H^{k+2}(m_k)) = \bigoplus_\beta \k \cdot [z_\beta]$. Note that $m_k z_\beta = db_\beta$ for some $b_\beta \in A$.

		Define $V(k+1) = \bigoplus_\alpha \k \cdot v'_\alpha \oplus \bigoplus \k \cdot v''_\beta$ and set $dv'_\alpha = 0$, $dv''_\beta = z_\beta$, $m_k(v'_\alpha) = a_\alpha$ and $m_k(v''_\beta) = b_\beta$.
	\end{itemize}
	This ends the construction. We will prove the following assertion for $k \geq 2$:
	$$ H^i(m_k) \text{ is } \begin{cases}
		\text{an isomorphism} &\text{ if } i \leq k \\
		\text{injective}      &\text{ if } i = k + 1
	\end{cases}. $$
	\TODO{Finish proof: $m_k$ well behaved, above assertion.}
\end{proof}


\section{Uniqueness}

Before we state the uniqueness theorem we need some more properties of minimal models.

\begin{lemma}
	Sullivan algebras are cofibrant.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	Consider the following lifting problem, where $\Lambda V$ is a Sullivan algebra.

	\cimage[scale=0.5]{Sullivan_Lifting}

	By the left adjointness of $\Lambda$ we only have to specify a map $\phi: V \to X$ such that $p \circ \phi = g$. We will do this by induction.
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Suppose $\{v_\alpha\}$ is a basis for $V(0)$. Define $V(0) \to X$ by choosing preimages $x_\alpha$ such that $p(x_\alpha) = g(v_\alpha)$ ($p$ is surjective). Define $\phi(v_\alpha) = x_\alpha$.
		\item Suppose $\phi$ has been defined on $V(n)$. Write $V(n+1) = V(n) \oplus V'$ and let $\{v_\alpha\}$ be a basis for $V'$. Then $dv_\alpha \in \Lambda V(n)$, hence $\phi(dv_\alpha)$ is defined and
		$$ d \phi d v_\alpha = \phi d^2 v_\alpha = 0 $$
		$$ p \phi d v_\alpha = g d v_\alpha = d g v_\alpha. $$
		Now $\phi d v_\alpha$ is a cycle and $p \phi d v_\alpha$ is a boundary of $g v_\alpha$. By the following lemma there is a $x_\alpha \in X$ such that $d x_\alpha = \phi d v_\alpha$ and $p x_\alpha = g v_\alpha$. The former property proves that $\phi$ is a chain map, the latter proves the needed commutativity $p \circ \phi = g$.
	\end{itemize}
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
	Let $p: X \to Y$ be a trivial fibration, $x \in X$ a cycle, $p(x) \in Y$ a boundary of $y' \in Y$. Then there is a $x' \in X$ such that
	$$ dx' = x \quad\text{ and }\quad px' = y'. $$
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	We have $p^\ast [x] = [px] = 0$, since $p^\ast$ is injective we have $x = d \overline{x}$ for some $\overline{x} \in X$. Now $p \overline{x} = y' + db$ for some $b \in Y$. Choose $a \in X$ with $p a = b$, then define $x' = \overline{x} - da$. Now check the requirements: $p x' = p \overline{x} - p a = y'$ and $d x' = d \overline{x} - d d a = d \overline{x} = x$.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
	Let $f: X \we Y$ be a weak equivalence between cdga's and $M$ a minimal model for $X$. Then $f$ induces an bijection:
	$$ f_\ast: [M, X] \tot{\iso} [M, Y]. $$
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	If $f$ is surjective this follows from the fact that $M$ is cofibrant and $f$ being a trivial fibration (see \cite[lemma 4.9]{dwyer}).

	In general we can construct a cdga $Z$ and trivial fibrations $X \to Z$ and $Y \to Z$ inducing bijections:
	$$ [M, X] \tot{\iso} [M, Z] \toti{\iso} [M, Y], $$
	compatible with $f_\ast$. \cite[Proposition 12.9]{felix}.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
	Let $\phi: (M, d) \we (M', d')$ be a weak equivalence between minimal algebras. Then $\phi$ is an isomorphism.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	Let $M$ and $M'$ be generated by $V$ and $V'$. Then $\phi$ induces a weak equivalence on the linear part $\phi_0: V \we V'$ \cite[Theorem 1.5.2]{loday}. Since the differentials are decomposable, their linear part vanishes. So we see that $\phi_0: (V, 0) \tot{\iso} (V', 0)$ is an isomorphism.
	Conclude that $\phi = \Lambda \phi_0$ is an isomorphism.
\end{proof}

\begin{theorem}
	Let $m: (M, d) \we (A, d)$ and $m': (M', d') \we (A, d)$ be two minimal models. Then there is an isomorphism $\phi (M, d) \tot{\iso} (M', d')$ such that $m' \circ \phi \eq m$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
	By the previous lemmas we have $[M', M] \iso [M', A]$. By going from right to left we get a map $\phi: M' \to M$ such that $m' \circ \phi \eq m$. On homology we get $H(m') \circ H(\phi) = H(m)$, proving that (2-out-of-3) $\phi$ is a weak equivalence. The previous lemma states that $\phi$ is then an isomorphism.
\end{proof}


\section{The minimal model of the sphere}
We know from singular cohomology that the cohomology ring of a $n$-sphere is $\Z[X] / (X^2)$. This allows us to construct a minimal model for $S^n$.
\Definition{minimal-model-sphere}{
	Define $A(n)$ to be the cdga defined as
	$$ A(n) = \begin{cases}
		\Lambda(e) \quad \deg{e} = n \quad de = 0 \qquad &\text{ if $n$ is odd } \\
		\Lambda(e, f) \quad \deg{e} = n, \deg{f} = 2n-1 \quad df = e^2 \qquad &\text{ if $n$ is even }
	\end{cases}. $$
}

\todo{prove $HA(n) \tot{\iso} HA(S^n)$}